by David J. Hill, University at Buffalo

Ghazala Saleem, left, director of the Brain Function and Recovery Lab at the University at Buffalo, examines how brain injuries can affect balance, posture control and more. Credit: Douglas Levere / University at Buffalo

A simple balance and gait assessment many therapists and athletic trainers use to detect subtle impairments in children and teens who have sustained a concussion may help identify whether they are ready to return to normal activities or athletic competition.

But being able to drill down deeper and identify which of the specific balance and walking tasks within this assessment is most effective could help clinicians distinguish symptomatic children from those who have clinically recovered better and faster.

Recent research from the University at Buffalo suggests that the 30-second, single-leg stance is one such task worthy of being singled out for its effectiveness in detecting subtle deficiencies in a child's postural control, or their ability to balance and coordinate with other muscle groups in the body.

"Balance deficits exist in some children even after clinical recovery," said Ghazala Saleem, EdD, lead author of the study, published in the Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, and an assistant professor of rehabilitation science in UB's School of Public Health and Health Professions. "This research emphasizes the use of assessments that can identify balance deficits appropriately both in symptomatic and clinically but not physiologically-recovered children."

Saleem is also lab director and principal investigator in the Brain Function and Recovery Lab in UB's School of Public Health and Health Professions. After completing her postdoctoral training at Harvard Medical School and then Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Saleem was inspired to join the faculty at UB by the work of John J. Leddy, MD, of the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB, one of the foremost concussion researchers in the world.

Now, Saleem and her research team are making their own contributions to sport-related concussion research, as well as acquired brain injury due to intimate partner violence.

Identifying abnormalities in the way a child's brain organizes information to help them sit, stand and walk is critical, Saleem says.

"Postural control includes both balance and walking. These are essential abilities that are required to complete the activities of daily living," she said. "If children continue to experience balance deficits even after recovery, it may influence their ability to return to play or return to school."

The Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs (PANESS) is a measurement used frequently by clinicians and researchers to identify functional limitations in motor control because it requires only paper and pencil and a stopwatch, and includes both static (balance) and dynamic (walking) tasks. The balance task requires the patient to stand on one foot for 30 seconds (20 seconds is still the standard in many concussion clinics) and then stand on the other; an observer records any errors the subject makes, such as stumbling.

The dynamic tasks include having the patient walk at their normal speed with different variations such as heel-to-toe walking.

Saleem's study looked at whether static or dynamic tests on the PANESS best identify anomalies in symptomatic and clinically recovered youth after concussion, a finding that could lead to faster assessment approaches for clinicians.

The study included 60 kids ages 10 to 17 who were split into three groups: those who displayed concussion symptoms, youths who were clinically recovered, and age and gender-matched controls who had never had a concussion.

In addition to the PANESS, which measures residual signs of motor control deficits, the team also looked at the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory, a 26-item parent report measure that assesses the severity of post-concussion symptoms. The three groups differed significantly on parent-reported overall symptoms.

The team's initial hypothesis was that dynamic gait tasks would better identify symptomatic and clinically recovered youth. However, the results suggest that only the standing-on-one-foot test discriminated never-concussed controls from symptomatic and clinically recovered youth after concussion. It did not discriminate between the two concussion groups.

"The ability to perform single-leg stance without losing balance demonstrates adequate neuromuscular control and sufficient lower-extremity strength, attributes needed to return to high-risk activities safely," the researchers write.

Co-authors on the study are from the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Recruiting Buffalo area youth for concussion study

Saleem is currently leading a study in Buffalo that aims to determine whether children who have sustained a concussion demonstrate more loss of balance when performing two tasks at the same time, one cognitive and one motor related. Researchers will also try to identify whether these balance changes are more pronounced in boys or girls.

"Thus far, it is not known which areas of the brain help children balance themselves or be steady on their feet after concussion," Saleem said.

The study's findings have the potential to change treatment options for children who have suffered a concussion or even multiple concussions. "This study will be a first step toward helping children with concussion and post-concussion to receive individualized assessment and treatment," Saleem said. "In addition, care providers will be more informed about which areas to target during treatment."

"Concussions are serious," Saleem added. "They are a traumatic brain injury and sometimes symptoms are mild and not obvious. Studies have been showing that balance and physical limitations persist in children who have received concussion even after clinical resolution, and there is risk of additional brain or leg injury after that."

More information: Ghazala T. Saleem et al, Thirty-Second Single-Leg Stance Identifies Impaired Postural Control in Children After Concussion: A Preliminary Report, Journal of Sport Rehabilitation (2021). DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0178

Provided by University at Buffalo