by University of Eastern Finland

In 2513 children followed up from age 11 to 24 years, increased sedentary time from childhood through young adulthood significantly increased systolic blood pressure. However, a simulation replacing 10 minutes every hour of sedentary time in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood with 10 minutes of light physical activity resulted in a cumulative reduction of systolic blood pressure by -3 mmHg. Credit: Andrew Agbaje

Time spent sedentary beyond six hours per day during growth from childhood through young adulthood may cause an excess increase of 4 mmHg in systolic blood pressure, a new study shows. Continuously engaging in light physical activity (LPA) significantly mitigated the rise in blood pressure.

The study was conducted in collaboration between the Universities of Bristol and Exeter in the U.K., and the University of Eastern Finland, and the results were published in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.

In the study, 2,513 children drawn from the University of Bristol's Children of the 90s cohort were followed from age 11 until 24 years. At baseline, the children spent six hours per day sedentary, six hours per day engaging in LPA, and approximately 55 minutes per day in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). At follow-up in young adulthood, nine hours per day were spent sedentary, three hours per day in LPA, and approximately 50 minutes per day in MVPA.

The average blood pressure in childhood was 106/56 mmHg which increased to 117/67 mmHg in young adulthood, partly due to normal physiological development. Persistent increase in sedentary time from age 11 through 24 years was associated with an average of 4 mmHg excess increase in systolic blood pressure. Participating in LPA from childhood lowered the final level by 3 mmHg, but engaging in MVPA had no blood pressure-lowering effect.

"Furthermore, when 10 minutes out of every hour spent sedentary was replaced with an equal amount of LPA from childhood through young adulthood in a simulation model, systolic blood pressure decreased by 3 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 2 mmHg.

"This is significant, as it has been reported in adults that a systolic blood pressure reduction of 5 mmHg decreases the risk of heart attack and stroke by 10%," says Andrew Agbaje, an award-winning physician and associate professor (docent) of Clinical Epidemiology and Child Health at the University of Eastern Finland.

The current study is the largest and the longest follow-up of accelerometer-measured movement behavior and blood pressure progression in youth in the world. Measurements of blood pressure, sedentary time, LPA and, MVPA were taken at ages 11, 15 and 24 years. The children's fasting blood samples were also repeatedly measured for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Heart rate, socio-economic status, family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking status as well as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured fat mass and lean mass were accounted for in the analyses.

"We have earlier shown that elevated blood pressure and hypertension in adolescence increase the risk of premature cardiac damage in young adulthood. The identification of childhood sedentariness as a potential cause of elevated blood pressure and hypertension with LPA as an effective antidote is of clinical and public health significance.

"Several MVPA-based randomized controlled trials in the young population have been unsuccessful in lowering blood pressure. We noted an MVPA-induced increase in muscle mass enhanced a physiologic increase in blood pressure, explaining why earlier MVPA-based randomized clinical trials were unsuccessful," says Agbaje.

"The World Health Organization estimates that 500 million new cases of physical inactivity-related non-communicable diseases would occur by 2030 and half would result from hypertension. At least three hours of LPA per day is critical to preventing and reversing elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Examples of LPA are long walks, house chores, swimming, and bicycling.

"We all, parents, pediatricians and policymakers included, should encourage children and adolescents to participate in LPA to keep their blood pressure in a healthy range," Agbaje concludes.

More information: Andrew O. Agbaje, Lean Mass Longitudinally Confounds Sedentary Time and Physical Activity With Blood Pressure Progression in 2513 Children, Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle (2024). DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13639

Provided by University of Eastern Finland