by University of Maryland

Conceptual framework for reproductive health. Reprinted from Kramer et al. Changing the conversation: applying a health equity framework to maternal mortality reviews. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221:609.e1-609.e9. with permission from Elsevier. Credit: Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2022). DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01475-4

Pregnancy and birthing are already vulnerable and emotional times for many women, but they become even more stressful when discrimination mars health care for expecting mothers, new University of Maryland-led research shows.

The study published last month in the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities zeroed in on experiences and perceptions of Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina and Middle Eastern women about how racism affects health care during pregnancy and birth.

For instance, the multi-institutional team—which also included researchers from Furman University, Brown University and the University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco and Los Angeles—found Latinas in a focus group felt vulnerability that stemmed from language barriers or immigration status.

Meanwhile, Vietnamese participants discussed how the effect of racism on mothers' mental health could impact their children. Black participants noted the influence of prior mistreatment by providers in their health care decisions. Black and Latina participants discussed experiencing chronic racism-related stress. Middle Eastern women felt uneasiness related to former President Trump's "Muslim ban" and related anti-Muslim sentiments.

"Sometimes we focus on one or two groups, but because the U.S. is so racially diverse, there's a need and value in looking at how racism impacts different racial and ethnic groups, and also the shared experiences," said lead researcher Thu Nguyen, associate professor of epidemiology and biostatistics in UMD's School of Public Health. "Because there are distinct experiences, that matters for intervention."

Many of the participants across focus groups reported unequal power dynamics in the patient-provider relationship and the feeling that their voice had limited influence, particularly in responding to discrimination. One Black participant shared an uncomfortable situation while being examined: "The first person who asked me about the (baby's) name, literally had a wand in my vagina doing the sonogram. (The doctor asks,) 'What are you thinking about naming your child?' And when I said, 'David,' 'Oh good, a nice normal name.'"

The data adds an important layer to previous studies by team members, including an analysis of tweets to determine links between racial attitudes and birth outcomes, Nguyen added.

"Even with the Twitter data, with millions of data points being collected, we still have to go through a sample of tweets and understand with greater depth the experiences women were reporting," she said. "We realized that there's no substitute for understanding the nuances that can come with qualitative approaches."

In 11 90-minute focus groups held with 52 participants on Zoom, the researchers asked the participants, who all either had children or were open to having children, questions such as, "Do you think racism and discrimination impact pregnancy and birth experiences? Why or why not?" and "What are some steps you have taken to protect yourself or somebody else from the impact of racism?"

The responses revealed a shared desire for culturally and racially concordant care from health care professionals of similar backgrounds, as well as social support from doulas or pregnancy groups. Participants also stressed the need to go beyond "band-aid" solutions by addressing the systemic problem of racism in health care access and practice.

Personal insights that arise from qualitative studies like this could help inform more equitable health practices in the long run, Nguyen said.

"Even if you're not in a racial minority group … you're at the mercy of the health care system," said Associate Professor of epidemiology and biostatistics Quynh Nguyen, Thu's twin sister who was also involved in the research. "(Discrimination) adds an extra layer of stress and anxiety during a critical time period in a mother's and child's life and additionally stands in the way of equitable health care."

More information: Thu T. Nguyen et al, Racism During Pregnancy and Birthing: Experiences from Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern Women, Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2022). DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01475-4

Provided by University of Maryland