by University of Toronto

Conditional sex ratio (CSR) of second and third order births in the UK by mother’s country of birth. CSRs shown are based on the total number of births (shown on each graph) for each birth order and its corresponding sex composition for all women of the specified background in each country. Credit: eLife (2022). DOI: 10.7554/eLife.79853

The study authors, health researcher Catherine Meh and Prof. Prabhat Jha from the Center for Global Health Research, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, previously established that selective abortion of females in second and third pregnancies was widespread and growing within India. Now, they have found the practice is more pronounced among families in which the mother was born in India but living in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom (UK) or the United States US (or diaspora).

"We were surprised that the cultural preferences to have at least one boy were so widely seen among Indian diaspora," commented Prof. Jha.

The current study, published in the journal eLife, examined selective abortion trends among Chinese or Indian diaspora using 18 million birth histories over about the last two decades from India, China, Australia, Canada, the UK and the US. Selective abortion of female fetuses, particularly following the birth of earlier girls, is well documented in India. There are strong cultural preferences to have at least one son in India and China's one-child policy (which ended officially in 2016) affects family fertility choices.

The study authors applied Jha's method called the conditional sex ratio, which is the ratio of girls born per 1,000 boys following an earlier birth of a girl. The natural range (in the absence of any prenatal sex determination and selective abortion) is about 950 to 975 girls per 1,000 boys and is the same for first, second or third births. The authors found that the sex ratios in each country were significantly lower than the natural range, especially for third births with earlier daughters. These results indicate the use of prenatal sex determination followed by selective abortion of female fetuses.

The conditional sex ratios for third births in the Indian diaspora were lower than in India. In Canada, conditional sex ratios were lowest with 520 girls per 1,000 boys in 2016—much lower than in India (769). These conditional sex ratios for third births were also lower than the natural range in Australia (653), the UK (778) and the US (805).

The authors further compared diaspora from India to diaspora from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in the UK, where diaspora populations from each country are sizeable. Only the Indian diaspora showed falling numbers of girls per 1,000 boys over time. Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka diasporas had conditional sex ratios of girls to boys close to the natural range.

The authors concluded that Indian preference to have at least one boy in the family is the major driver of selective abortion of female fetuses for second and third births; and that such cultural preference is seen both in domestic Indian and diaspora families.

By contrast, within the few families in China who were permitted to have two children, there was evidence of selective abortion of male fetuses following a first boy but even more pronounced evidence of selective abortion of female fetuses following a first girl. For third births, Chinese diaspora aborted female fetuses less often than did Indian diaspora.

Missing girls from selective abortion are contributing to a large deficit of girls within China and India. The authors suggest that understanding the cultural preferences for boys and the fact that such preferences accompany migration could prompt more societal debate and discussion, particularly within India to address the marked demographic deficit of girls.

More information: Catherine Meh et al, Trends in female-selective abortion among Asian diasporas in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, eLife (2022). DOI: 10.7554/eLife.79853

Journal information: eLife 

Provided by University of Toronto