by University of Bath

The findings raises challenges for the Nepali government in relation to sex selective abortion. Credit: Dr Mahesh Puri

Detailed new analysis published this week in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) Open highlights significant concerns about a growing issue of sex-selective abortion of girls in Nepal.

Drawing on census data from 2011 and follow-on survey data from 2016, the social scientists estimate that roughly one in 50 girl births were 'missing' from records (i.e. had been aborted) between 2006-11 (22,540 girl births in total). In the year before the census (June 2010—June 2011) this had risen to one in 38.

For certain areas of the country, the practice was more widespread. In Arghakhanchi, the most affected district, one in every six girl births were 'missing' in census data. In the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal's main urban center, around 115 boys are born for every 100 girls. Without sex selection we would expect only 105 boys born for every 100 girls.

It has been widely acknowledged over many years that sons have been preferred to daughters in Nepal. Whereas boys are seen economic and social assets, in some parts of the country girls are more often regarded as a financial burden, requiring a dowry and leaving their family home upon marriage.

However, it is only since abortion legislation in 2002 and the widespread availability of ultrasounds from 2004 onwards that there has been the potential to selectively abort female fetuses. There has been growing concerns about this practice over recent years, but to date little empirical research about the scale of the issue.

Importantly, abortions due to the results of sex determination tests are both illegal and carry prison sentences in Nepal. But, the researchers writing in the BMJ-Open, suggest that these laws are not effectively enforced. It is estimated that more than half of abortions carried out in 2014 were illegal, so direct legislation only has limited scope to solve this issue.

Deeper analysis by the team found that sex ratios were skewed, with women who were richer and more highly educated more likely to undertake sex selective abortion. They also found that, in districts where more sex-selection occurred, girls were more likely than boys to die by age five, indicating discrimination both before and after birth.

Lead author, Dr. Melanie Channon from the University of Bath's Department of Social & Policy Sciences explained: "As fertility falls and urbanization increases, there is more access to prenatal sex identification technology in Nepal. Our study shows some of the impact this has had over recent years, and we expect there will be a 'trickle-down' of ability to select the sex of a baby from the wealthiest and most educated as the technology becomes more widely available and more affordable. Put simple and starkly, without concerted effort, there will be an increase in sex-selective abortions in Nepal.

"It is important to stress that the solution to this growing issue is not to ban abortion or ultrasound tests during pregnancy. Many lives have been—and continue to be—saved by these policies. The only lasting solution is to dismantle the deeply rooted gender inequity found across the country in order that people no longer wish to selectively abort female fetuses. The government in Nepal needs to take a lead on this, combining media campaigns with legal and political measures which address the issue of gender equity across a range of themes in the country."

Second author of the paper Dr. Mahesh Puri from the Center for Research Environment Health and Population Activities (CREHPA) in Nepal, added: "In view of the easy accessibility to prenatal sex-determination technologies, religious and socio-economic values given to sons, coupled with lack of focussed policy and program to address gender inequality and weak enforcement of law relating to sex determination tests, the practice of sex selective abortion could further increase in the future.

"Targeted interventions to enable gender equality, increase value of girls, as well as social and economic incentives for vulnerable girls, such as conditional cash transfer schemes and effective enforcement of the law would be required."

The team behind the report urge the Nepali government to recognize this issue and adapt a multi-sectoral national strategy to combat it.

More information: Melanie Dawn Channon et al, Prevalence and correlates of sex-selective abortions and missing girls in Nepal: evidence from the 2011 Population Census and 2016 Demographic and Health Survey, BMJ Open (2021). DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042542

Journal information: BMJ Open 

Provided by University of Bath