byMonash University

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

Compulsory schooling for 16-year-olds boosts attendance and reduces their risk of maltreatment and need for emergency health care, research led by Monash University and the University of South Australia has found.

Published in theReview of Economics and Statistics,the studyprovides rigorous evidence on how a 2009 South Australian reform that raised the school-leaving age from 16 to 17 impacted health, schooling and child protection outcomes.

Making school compulsory at 16 improved attendance and reduced emergency health care use, particularly among children with past involvement with Child Protection Services (CPS). It also reduced first-time maltreatment cases reported to CPS.

Using administrative records and comparing children who were affected by the schooling reform with children who were unaffected, the study found that public school enrollment increased by roughly 6%.

First-time maltreatment reports and emergency department visits dropped by 38% and 19% respectively. The reduction in emergency department visits was driven mainly by fewer injury-related visits among children.

The study estimates that the policy reform led to—on average—an extra 412 children enrolled in public school annually. Additionally, 92 fewer children experienced first-time maltreatment, and 157 fewer children attended the emergency department each year following the reform.

"On balance, we conclude that past extensions to the school-leaving age played an important role in the lives of children exposed to child maltreatment or at risk, by improving these children's safety," the researchers found.

"The benefits from additional schooling appear to be driven primarily by staying within the education environment itself."

First author Dr. Adam Dzulkipli, a research fellow at the Monash University Centre for Health Economics in the Monash Business School, said abused and neglected children were athigh riskofschool dropout and poor health. To his knowledge, this was the first study to examine how extending schooling impacts the likelihood of maltreatment or maltreatment-related harm in Australia.

"From a policy perspective, our results suggest that policy interventions aimed at increasing student retention and encouraging children to remain engaged with school can have a powerful impact on their safety," Dr. Dzulkipli said. "While these policies are typically introduced to enhance educational outcomes, our study suggests other potential benefits.

"Using previously establishedcosts of maltreatmentin the Australian context, we also found that the reduction in first-time child maltreatment translated to an annual saving of $46 million in lifetime costs associated with maltreatment, for example government services use, productivity losses, and premature mortality."

Co-author and Centre for Health Economics Associate Professor Nicole Black saidchild maltreatment rateswere unacceptably high globally, and those who experienced it were at high risk of severe adverse outcomes throughout their lives.

Associate Professor Black said governments had an economic incentive and a moral obligation to help these children, and more work was needed to uncover effective interventions in the long term.

"Our findings suggest that the adverse outcomes suffered by maltreated children can potentially be reduced by appropriately designed policy interventions," Associate Professor Black said. "Given the large individual and social costs of child maltreatment, more investment in such policies is important and would be worthwhile."

More information Adam A. Dzulkipli et al, Safer in School? The Impact of Compulsory Schooling on Maltreatment and Associated Harms, Review of Economics and Statistics (2025). DOI: 10.1162/rest.a.280 Journal information: Review of Economics and Statistics

Provided by Monash University