by University of Gothenburg

T-cell populations that responded to stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptides. PBMC from individuals with IgG-dominated, IgA-dominated, and no antibody response to Covid-19 were stimulated with a mixture of spike protein and nucleocapsid peptides and analyzed for the expression of 35 extracellular and intracellular molecules by CyTOF. (A) Graphs indicating the eight molecules associated with an IgG-dominated response based on results obtained from an Orthogonal-Projection to Latent Structures Discriminatory Analysis (OPLS-DA, data not shown). IgG-dominated responders (red, n = 4), IgA-only responders (blue, n = 2), and antibody nonresponders (gray, n = 2). Data are presented as mean with standard deviation. (B) Minimum spanning tree composed of CD3+ T-cell populations derived from IgG-dominated responders (n = 4) and IgA-only responders (n = 2) that were stimulated or sham-stimulated with the mixture of spike protein and nucleocapsid peptides. The arrow indicates a CD4+ T-cell population that was only seen among the IgG-dominated responders after 5 days of stimulation with viral peptides. The size of the circles indicates the relative sizes of the cell populations and their coloring shows the relative intensity of CD4 expression. (C) Phenotype of the T-cell population indicated by an arrow in B. Credit: European Journal of Immunology (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.202149655

Despite daily contact with COVID-19 patients early in the pandemic, some health professionals avoided falling ill. As a University of Gothenburg study shows, the explanation appears to be an antidote in the immune system: IgA antibodies to COVID-19.

To understand how the immune system builds up its defenses against COVID-19, a group of researchers at the University's Sahlgrenska Academy monitored 156 employees at five primary care health centers, belonging to the Nötkärnan group in the Gothenburg area, for six months.

Recruited during April and May 2020, none of them had been vaccinated against COVID-19, and most of them met infected patients daily.

The reason why some of the staff did not contract the disease seems to have been that IgA (immunoglobulin A) was present in their respiratory tract. These antibodies, found naturally in the secretions of mucous membranes in the airways and gastrointestinal tract, can protect the body by binding to viruses and other invading organisms.

One in ten protected

The results of the study, published in the European Journal of Immunology, show that a third of the care workers developed antibodies to COVID-19. These subjects fell into two distinct groups based on antibody patterns and COVID-19 incidence.

One group, who had IgA antibodies only, never succumbed to COVID-19. Participants in the other group had both IgG antibodies and T cells, and contracted the disease. The acquired immune system also includes IgG antibodies and T cells, which serve to recognize viruses, for example, and protect us against them.

Those responsible for the study were, first, Christine Wennerås, Professor of Clinical Bacteriology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and senior physician at Sahlgrenska University Hospital; and, second, Kristina Eriksson, Professor of Viral Immunology at Sahlgrenska Academy.

"We all have IgA. It's found on the mucous membranes, and COVID-19 is an infection that spreads via those membranes. We thought it was important to investigate what happened when completely healthy people encountered the coronavirus, before vaccines became available," Wennerås says.

"Of the participants in our study, none whom contracted COVID-19 required hospitalization. A lot of other research has concerned the most seriously ill patients, who have been hospitalized and in need of intensive care."

Focus on health factors

The present study focused on identifying health factors that appeared to afford protection against COVID-19. Numerous factors were found by means of extensive questionnaire surveys, blood tests and more. As soon as a participant had nasal congestion, a cough, red eyes, changes in the sense of taste, or anything else that could be an infection, they had to answer questions and undergo a PCR test.

What the subjects who neither tested positive nor fell ill had in common, then, were IgA antibodies, which bind to the coronavirus. Being female and having a respiratory allergy were other factors affording protection against becoming infected. However, the study provides no support for the idea that people without antibodies against COVID-19 have protective T cells.

"A lot of the COVID-related research has been about IgG antibodies and T cells. The interesting thing is that when we now examine other people's articles and tables, we find evidence for the conclusion we've arrived at about IgA ourselves. But it's not something those studies have highlighted," Wennerås says.

More information: Viktoria Hennings et al, The presence of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA appears to protect primary health care workers from COVID-19, European Journal of Immunology (2022). DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149655. doi.org/10.1002/eji.202149655

Journal information: European Journal of Immunology 

Provided by University of Gothenburg