by University of the Basque Country

Alexander Muela & Jon García. UPV/EHU. Credit: Nagore Iraola & Mitxi. UPV/EHU

A study of adolescents living in residential care in the Basque Country reveals that 26.5% have attempted suicide

A study investigating the suicidal behavior of adolescents in 25 residential care facilities in Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa and Navarre indicates that a third of adolescents have had suicidal thoughts on a certain occasion, a quarter have attempted suicide and half of the young people have at some point self-harmed without suicidal intent. Research shows that most professionals working with them lack the necessary skills to detect and manage suicidal behavior.

Adolescent and youth suicide is a universal public problem. That is what the World Health Organization says. Suicide is the leading cause of unnatural deaths in Spain among young people aged 15–29, and the second leading cause of all deaths after malignant tumors.

Among adolescents, those living in residential care have more risk factors for suicidal behavior, which are motivated by traumatic childhood experiences, low self-esteem, poor social skills, etc. So strategies and resources for working with this particular group need to be developed. However, the preparation of appropriate interventions requires information about the situation and, so far, very little has been analyzed.

To address the lack of information, researchers from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), together with Biobizkaia, carried out a study now published in Children and Youth Services Review. Suicidal behavior and the tendency to self-harm without suicidal intent were analyzed in 185 adolescents from 25 care facilities in Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa and Navarre.

"As we had very little data until now, we did a piece of innovative research, and the results reveal the need not only to carry out preventive work, professionals also need to receive more training," explained the Ph.D. holder in psychology Alexander Muela.

First, the work carried out by researchers at the Faculty of Psychology and the Faculty of Medicine and Nursing explored suicidal behavior. Among other questions, they investigated whether the individuals concerned have suicidal thoughts, whether they self-harm to commit suicide or whether they actually try to commit suicide.

Of the adolescents participating in this research, 26.5% indicated that they had attempted suicide at some point. As for suicidal thoughts, 36.2% of adolescents report having had them at some time, and it is worth noting that only 37.6% of them have sought help. However, more than half feel that they have no one they can turn to for help.

Second, half of the adolescents in residential care who were included in the study say that they self-harm without suicidal intent. As for the reasons that lead them to self-harm, 92% of them claim to have used it as an emotion regulation strategy. "This highlights the need to work on emotional education. We need to equip young people with strategies and resources to regulate emotions," explained Alexander Muela.

The UPV/EHU study also reveals significant differences in terms of gender. For example, 53.8% of the participating girls confess to having had suicidal thoughts at some point. Among boys, on the other hand, the percentage falls to 18%. And 69.9% of those who have self-harmed without suicidal intent are girls, 28% are boys and 2.1% are non-binary adolescents.

Professionals in children's homes lack knowledge

The researchers also wanted to gather the opinions of the professionals working in children's residential care facilities. In fact, there are hardly any data on their knowledge and competence. So 225 professionals at residential care facilities for adolescents were asked whether they felt prepared to identify and respond appropriately to suicidal behavior in young people.

Most admitted that they have limited knowledge, especially regarding detecting signs of suicide risk or about knowing how to talk to or question suicidal young people. Only 22.8% of professionals believe they have a sufficient or high level of knowledge.

According to Alexander Muela, the lack of training of those working with young people at risk is surprising. "The data clearly show that they are not trained to work in a preventive way. Their main response is to go to health centers in the event of an emergency, but we can't leave it all to the health care system; we have to work on prevention so that young people don't get to that point."

The authors of the study believe that the first step in working on prevention is the training of professionals working with young people, both in residential care facilities and in formal and informal education. They also highlight the need for early implementation of preventive work. Research has shown that suicidal behavior starts to increase from the age of 13 onward.

More information: Alexander Muela et al, Suicidal behavior and deliberate self-harm: A major challenge for youth residential care in Spain, Children and Youth Services Review (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107465

Provided by University of the Basque Country