by Stephanie Kulke, Northwestern University

Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

Lucid dreaming apps are gaining in popularity as interest grows in optimizing sleep for self-improvement and better health. If you ever experience a dream while knowing that you are dreaming—that's what's called a lucid dream.

To date, the effectiveness of an at-home method for lucid dreaming that combines pre-sleep training with sensory cues has not been systematically tested.

A new study by neuroscientists at Northwestern University is the first to provide evidence that this method, known as targeted lucidity reactivation (TLR), can be successful with minimal technical requirements. The work is published in the journal Consciousness and Cognition.

Adapting the TLR method previously used in Ken Paller's sleep lab at Northwestern, the team conducted research using a smartphone app that links sensory stimulation with a lucid state of mind.

This research offers new evidence that the TLR method at its most basic level works. Study participants improved while using the app to an average of 2.11 lucid dreams per week, up from an average of 0.74 lucid dreams over the prior week.

"This is a dramatic increase, because even one lucid dream a week is considered quite a lot for most lucid dreamers," said Karen Konkoly, a post-doctoral psychology fellow at Northwestern.

"The goal of this line of research was to find out how many lucid dreams we could evoke with just a smartphone, and to set a baseline of ease and access for people," Konkoly said.

The study is also the first to include a control group to test the effectiveness of the two-part approach of TLR. The first part is pre-sleep training provided via the app. The second part is reactivating lucidity with a sound cue during sleep. Unbeknownst to members of the control group, they were given either no sound or a different sound cue during sleep rather than the one used in training.

The study's senior author is Paller, James Padilla Chair in Arts and Sciences in the department of psychology at Northwestern, who earlier this month was awarded the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director's Pioneer Award, part of NIH's High-Risk, High-Reward Research program.

Additional co-authors on the study include Nathan Whitmore, Remington Mallett and Christopher Mazurek, who also worked in the department of psychology at Northwestern.

How the study was done

The 19 participants who completed the first experiment each met the criteria of owning an Android phone, sleeping at least 7-8 hours per night and expecting they could fall back to sleep if woken up in the final two hours of the night. Before sleeping, participants first tested the app volume to ensure sensory cues were audible when their phone was placed face down near their pillow, but not so loud the cues would wake them up.

The app provided participants with nightly training before sleep that included a sound cue and directions to become lucid by becoming aware of their physical, mental and emotional state, and details of their surroundings. If the participant awoke from sleep, they responded to a prompt on their phone asking whether the sound cue woke them. They also completed a nightly dream log.

To determine whether lucid dreaming resulted from TLR rather than merely expectations or sleep disruption, a second experiment was conducted with a group of 120 app users. In this experiment, all participants received the nightly training, but on alternate nights, control participants received a dummy sound cue or no sound cue during sleep.

On the first night of the experiment, when everyone received the real cue, 17% of participants had lucid dreams. On the second night, those who received the real cue again maintained this rate of lucid dreaming, whereas only 5% of control participants had lucid dreams.

Additional evidence of lucidity was provided in participants' dream logs. One participant who received the cue and remained asleep, described a dream in which they were at the office and noticed others reacting to a sound and trying to figure out what it was. Another described being in the locker room at their lifeguard job and growing increasingly frustrated as they sought the source of a sound, until they realized it was the cue.

Implications

"Tweaking sleep opens the door for people to change their dreaming," Paller said. "We are taking a sleep-engineering approach to using sleep for personal benefits, for practicing skills, solving problems, and for spiritual and personal growth."

Indeed, early evidence shows lucid dreaming can positively influence a person's mood the following day.

"Some studies have shown the day after people have a lucid dream, they frequently report feeling happier and less stressed," Konkoly said.

Next steps

According to Paller, the risk of waking up users was a drawback of using the app method. Another downside was the inability to deliver cues when people entered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the phase when lucid dreaming is most probable.

The researchers say the next phase of research will experiment with wearable technology that can prevent undue awakening and can determine when users are likely in REM sleep, which may increase the success rate.

Paller's lab has begun collaborating with InteraXon, the creators of the Muse-S headband, a wearable device that gathers sleep lab-quality data at home.

"We are interested in sleep-engineering methods that work in tandem with our automated sleep-stage detection," said InteraXon Founder Ariel Garten. "These efforts will enable citizen science—delivering novel scientific insights from large numbers of people using these devices in their own homes."

More information: Karen R. Konkoly et al, Provoking lucid dreams at home with sensory cues paired with pre-sleep cognitive training, Consciousness and Cognition (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103759

Journal information: Consciousness and Cognition 

Provided by Northwestern University